Processor Cycle

What is meant by processor cycle?

Processor Cycle is a term used to describe one aspect of a processor's performance: the number of clock cycles that happen when an instruction is being executed.

Definitions of (a) Instruction Cycle (b) M/c cycle (c) T-state

Define: (a) Instruction Cycle (b) M/c cycle (c) T-state.

Instruction Cycle:

The time period during which one instruction is fetched from memory and executed when a computer is given an instruction in machine language. There are typically four stages of an instruction cycle that the CPU carries out:

1. Fetch the instruction from memory. This step brings the instruction into the instruction register, a circuit that holds the instruction so that it can be decoded and executed.

2. Decode the instruction.

3. Read the effective address from memory if the instruction has an indirect address.

4. Execute the instruction.

M/C CYCLE:

The processor cycle or machine cycle is the basic operation performed by the processor. To execute an instruction, the processor will run one or more machine cycles in a particular order.

T-state:

For any instruction cycle, Opcode fetch is the first machine cycle. We know that each machine cycle may have 3 to 6 T-states. This Opcode fetch machine cycle consists of 4 T-states.

T1 State:

During the T1 state, the contents of the program counter are placed on the 16 bit address bus.

T2 State:

opcode is placed on D0-D7 of the Address/Data bus.

T3 State:

the Opcode of the A/D bus is transferred to the instruction register of the microprocessor.

T4 State:

In this state the Opcode which was fetched from the memory is decoded.

similarities between CALL_RET and PUSH_POP instructions

List out the similarities between CALL_RET and PUSH_POP instructions.

When CALL is executed the microprocessor automatically stores the 16-bit address of the instruction next to CALL on the stack pointer.

The programmer uses the instruction PUSH to save the contents of the register pair on the stack.

RET transfers the contents of the top two locations of the stack to the PC.	POP transfers the contents of the top two locations of the stack to the specified register pair.
Has 8 conditional RETURN instructions.	No conditional POP instructions.

instruction format of 8085 microprocessor

What is the instruction format of 8085.

The instruction set is grouped into the following formats:

	Task Op		code
1 BYTE	Copy the contents of the accumulator in the register C.		MOV C,A
2 BYTE	Load an 8-bit data byte in the accumulator		MVI A,data
3 BYTE		Transfer the program sequence to the memory location 2085H.	JMP 2085H